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Since you want to see duplicate lines (using the first field as key), you cannot directly use uniq. bash_history | nl | sort -k2 | uniq -s8 -D

If you really do not care about the parts after the first field, you can use the following command to find duplicate keys and print each line number for it (append another | sort -n to have the output sorted by line): cut -d ' ' -f1. There is also a -c ( -count) option that prints the number of duplicates for the -d option. Then use uniq to print unique lines only: sort yourfile.txt | uniq -u Since ordering of duplicate lines is not important for you, you should sort it first. uniq can detect duplicate consecutive lines and remove duplicates ( -u, -unique) or keep duplicates only ( -d, -repeated). This is a classical problem that can be solved with the uniq command.

Is there a program to help identify such "duplicates"? Then, I can manually clean up by personally deleting lines #1 and #3? Unique lines based on the first field sort, CLI In the extract below of three lines that have the same first field ( ), I would like to keep line 2 because it has additional tags (sort, CLI) and delete lines #1 and #3: unique-lines-based-on-the-first-field Is there a way to just let me know so I can choose which to retain? I know about sort -k1,1 -u but that will automatically (non-interactively) remove all but the first hit.

I want to identify but not remove entries that have the first field (reference url) identical. Same for third field which may or may not be present. The first column is the reference's url the second column is the title which may vary a bit depending on how the entry was made. I have my references as a text file with a long list of entries and each has two (or more) fields.